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• Urdu Symbol Of Takhallus
• Urdu Importance
• Urdu Symbol
• Urdu Simpoo English

noun

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• Potato.

  • ‘And hotels cannot afford to leave out aloo gobi, aloo mutter, paneer butter masala, chana masala and dal fry from their list of curries.’
  • ‘We chose plain boiled rice and a side dish of sag aloo: potato and spinach to you and me.’
  • ‘With layers of aloo slice, banana slice, grapes, pomegranates, curd, chutney and masalas adorning a slice of bread, it is a fruity delight.’
  • ‘I had my favourites - saag paneer (spinach with cheese), aloo channa (potato and chickpeas) and a mushroom bhaji and rice.’
  • ‘The food, however, was fully seasoned with Trini herbs and spices, revellers enjoyed Dhal pourie, paratha, curried mango, aloo and channa, and lots of Trinidadian sweet bread.’
  • ‘Among the rice specials are pulavs and biryanis, which go down well with any of the four raitas offered - tomato, alu, onion and boondi.’
  • ‘Louise, being vegetarian, had fewer options, including chana masala, sag aloo and vegetable biryani.’
  • ‘Regulars don't need to be told about the chicken pakora, or main courses such as aloo saag (potato and spinach) or chicken karahi bhuna.’
  • ‘For spice and flavour, make a beeline for the Bengali samosas, ghoognis, namkeens, and aloo dum with peas kachoris.’
  • ‘My meal was yummy - I had aloo chana masala (chickpeas and potato in a spicy tomato sauce) with mushroom rice.’
  • ‘Typical dishes include dum aloo, khatte baingan, methi chaman, and naider yakhni or lotus root.’
  • ‘The meal plan will be personalised to cater for every palate and includes varieties like mint chutney, and aloo paneer tikki, which are classified as low-calorie diet.’
  • ‘I've had the excellent aloo mattar tikki before - lightly spiced potato and pea cakes, shallow fried and great with yoghurt dressing.’
  • ‘She cooked alu and then cut them up for the audience to see and then feel.’
  • ‘My wife, Jayne, enjoyed the mini savoury selection which consisted of crunchy onion bhajis, aloo tikkas, spinach pakoras and vegetable samosas all deep fried and served with two dips.’
  • ‘In the video version of the ad campaign, Simpoo charts his mouth-watering diet: He starts his day with aloo de parantha and mango aachar and later dines on aloo gobhi and sarsong ka saag.’
  • ‘Next it was time for a pre-lunch snack and there seemed to be an aloo tikki (potato cake) with my name on it somewhere in the vicinity.’
  • ‘The aloo chomp was a spiced potato cake with fresh ginger, chilli and chives and had a paper thin crust.’
  • ‘The sag aloo was excellent, the potato chunks moist and tender, and the naan bread was fine.’
  • ‘It could be a Jewish latke, Swiss roesti, American hash brown, Indian aloo tikki or anything in between.’

Pronunciation

aloo

Urdu Symbol Of Takhallus

Sex is a type of reproduction common among living things. Sex is used by plants and animals, and also by fungi and various single-celled organisms. It usually needs two individuals which are different sexes from the same species. It works by combining genes from more than one source.^[1]

Biological type[changechange source]

Organisms may have more than one kind of reproduction:

1. Asexual reproduction: an example is the binary fission of an amoeba. Sometimes jellyfish, and many insects split or produce eggs without fertilisation. These are all methods of asexual reproduction.
2. Sexual reproduction: most plants and animals reproduce by a union of two different sexes. Each sex makes the special cells used for reproduction. The new organism is made when both types of cells are united in a fertilised egg or zygote. Organisms that can make both kinds of cells for reproduction are called hermaphrodites. For example, most snails are hermaphrodite.^[2]
   • Those organisms that produce sperm are called male, those that produce ova (eggs) are called female.
3. Some animals and plants are capable of reproducing either sexually or asexually.

Benefits and drawbacks[changechange source]

Asexual reproduction is easier than sexual reproduction, but there are benefits and drawbacks to both:

• An offspring produced asexually inherits genes only from its parent.
• Offspring produced sexually are genetically somewhat different from either parent. They inherit genes from both parents.

Humans[changechange source]

In humans, sex is normally either male or female. For example: John's sex is male. Jane's sex is female. Most of the time, the sex of a person depends on what sex chromosomes that person got from his or her parents. A woman's ovum (egg cell) contains one X chromosome. A man's sperm contains either an X or a Y chromosome. When a sperm and ova combine to form a fertilised egg, the baby may get either of these chromosomes from its father. If the baby gets two X chromosomes, it will develop into a female. If the baby gets one X and one Y, it will develop into a male. Before babies are born, their sex parts are already formed, but not ready yet. During Puberty, the sex parts finish developing as well as other parts of the body like breasts and body hair.

There are some exceptions to this rule. Sometimes, the process of meiosis, which makes the sex cells, can go differently. This can result in a person having 3 X chromosomes, or 2 Y chromosomes or XXY instead of XY. Other times, the body may not follow exactly what their chromosomes are telling it to do.

Some people may have sexual feelings that are different from their bodies. For instance, a male person may only be attracted to other males and not to females. This is called Homosexuality. There are also people, who feel they're a different sex from their bodies. These people are called Transgender. All these variations are sometimes called gender.

Evolution[changechange source]

Sexual reproduction first appeared about a billion years ago. It evolved within single-celled eukaryotes.^[3] Chimpoo simpoo 44 episode 4. The scientific community still discusses why it appeared, and why it still exists. Reasons commonly given include:

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• Sex creates variation in offspring. If there are traits that give an advantage to the organism, they spread more easily. Traits that give a disadvantage tend to be removed quickly.

Sexual reproduction is a process that can only be found in eukaryotes. These cells have a nucleus and mitochondria. There are other kinds of organisms (other than animals, plants and fungi), the other eukaryotes – such as the malaria parasite – that also engage in sexual reproduction. Some bacteria use conjugation to transfer genetic material between bacteria. This is not the same as sexual reproduction, but it results in a similar mixture of genetic traits.

In sexual reproduction the cells used for reproduction, called gametes, are either eggs or sperms. Fertilisation needs two different such cells. The mechanism of cell division only works when one sperm alone enters the egg. Once it is in, a fast reaction goes through the egg cell wall to shut off all other sperm.^[4][5][6]

Sex determination[changechange source]

Sex determination in biology is about the function of sex, not what individuals look like. In humans, males and females usually look different. In many species they do not, except for the sex organs.Sex can be determined in different ways:

• Hermaphrodites produce both male and female gametes. This system can be found in some animals, for example snails, and in most flowering plants.^[7]
• In most cases there are separate sexes. This means that an organism either produces male gametes or eggs, but not both at the same time. The biological cause for an organism developing into one sex or the other is called sex determination.
• As a result of sex determination, the organism is either male, or female.

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When there is sex determination there are basically two cases:

• The sex is determined through the genes the organism inherits from its parents.
• The sex is determined through the environment.

Genetic[changechange source]

Usually, sex is determined by an organism's genes. With genetic sex determination, most alleles or genes that influence sexual development are on the same chromosome. That chromosome is then called the sex chromosome. Because genetic sex determination is controlled by a pair of sex chromosomes (or by the presence or absence of one of the chromosomes), there are usually the same number of male and female offspring. In humans, for instance, sperms carry either an X or a Y chromosome, and they occur in roughly equal numbers.

Nongenetic[changechange source]

For some species sex is not determined by inheritance, but instead by environmental factors experienced during development or later in life. Many reptiles have temperature-dependent sex determination: the temperature embryos experience during their development determines the sex of the organism. In some turtles, for example, males are produced at lower incubation temperatures than females; this difference in critical temperatures can be as little as 1-2 °C.

Some fish change sex over the course of their life. This phenomenon is called sequential hermaphroditism.^[8] In clownfish, smaller fish are male, and the dominant and largest fish in a group becomes female. In many wrasse the opposite is true—most fish are female at birth and become male when they reach a certain size. Sequential hermaphrodites may produce both types of gametes over the course of their lifetime, but at any given point they are either female or male.

In some ferns the default sex is hermaphrodite. Ferns which grow in soil which has previously supported hermaphrodites are influenced by hormones remaining to develop as male.^[9]

Related pages[changechange source]

References[changechange source]

1. ↑King R.C. Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006. A dictionary of genetics, 7th ed. Oxford.
2. ↑'Common snail, garden snail'. BBC. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
3. ↑'Book Review for Life: a natural history of the first Four billion years of life on Earth'. Jupiter Scientific. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
4. ↑ Amanda Schaffer, 'Pas de Deux: why are there only two sexes?', Slate, updated 2007-09-27.
5. ↑ Laurence D. Hurst, 'Why are there only two sexes?', Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 263 (1996): 415-422.
6. ↑ ES Haag, 'Why two sexes? Sex determination in multicellular organisms and protistan mating types', Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 18 (2007): 348-9.
7. ↑Dellaporta SL, Calderon-Urrea A (1993). 'Sex Determination in Flowering Plants'. The Plant Cell. 5: 1241–1251. doi:10.2307/3869777.
8. ↑Phliip L. Munday; et al. (February 2006). 'Diversity and flexibility of sex change strategies in animals'(pdf). Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 21 (1).Explicit use of et al. in: author= (help)
9. ↑Tanurdzic M and Banks JA (2004). 'Sex-determining mechanisms in land plants'. The Plant Cell. 16: S61–S71. doi:10.1105/tpc.016667. PMID15084718.

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